Dr: Mohamed Khadar

Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot is a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at birth. Causes Tetralogy of Fallot causes low oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to the skin). The classic form includes four defects of the heart and its major blood vessels: [ ] Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles) [ ] Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs) [ ] Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle [ ] Thickened wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy) Tetralogy of Fallot is rare, but it is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. It occurs equally as often in...

The flu’s common symptoms of fever, body aches, and fatigue can leave many confined to bed until they get better. Flu symptoms will show up anywhere from one to four daysTrusted Source after infection. Common flu symptoms The most common symptoms of the flu are: fever over 100.4˚F (38˚C) chills fatigue body and muscle aches loss of appetite headache dry cough sore throat runny or stuffy nose While most symptoms will taper off one to two weeks after onset, a dry cough and general fatigue can last several more weeks. Other possible symptoms of the flu include dizziness, sneezing, and wheezing. Nausea and vomiting are not common symptoms in adults, but they sometimes occur in children. Stomach flu An illness commonly known as the “stomach flu” refers to viral gastroenteritis (GE), which involves inflammation of the stomach lining. However, stomach flu...

Sensory Integration •      Survival depends upon sensation and perception •      Sensation is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment •      Perception is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli Organization of the Somatosensory System •      Input comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors •      The three main levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system are: •    Receptor level – the sensor receptors •    Circuit level – ascending pathways •    Perceptual level – neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex Processing at the Receptor Level •      Receptor potential – a graded potential from a stimulated sensor...

Joints (Articulations) •      Weakest parts of the skeleton •      Articulation – site where two or more bones meet •      Functions •    Give the skeleton mobility •    Hold the skeleton together Classification of Joints: Structural •      Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present •      The three structural classifications are: •    Fibrous •    Cartilaginous •    Synovial Classification of Joints: Functional •      Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint •     ...

Endocrine System: Overview •      Endocrine system –  the body’s second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones •      Endocrine glands – pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands •      The pancreas and gonads produce both hormones and exocrine products •      The hypothalamus has both neural functions and releases hormones •      Other tissues and organs that produce hormones – adipose cells, pockets of cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart Hormones •      Hormones – chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids •    Regulate the metabolic function of other cells •  ...

Tissues/Histolgy Tissues •      Groups of cells similar in structure and function •      The four types of tissues •    Epithelial •    Connective •    Muscle •    Nerve Epithelial Tissue •      Cellularity – composed almost entirely of cells •      Special contacts – form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes •      Polarity – apical and basal surfaces •      Supported by connective tissue – reticular and basal laminae •      Avascular but innervated – contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers •      Regenerative – rapidly repla...

Causes Babies have weak neck muscles and often struggle to support their heavy heads. If a baby is forcefully shaken, his or her fragile brain moves back and forth inside the skull. This causes bruising, swelling and bleeding. Shaken baby syndrome usually occurs when a parent or caregiver severely shakes a baby or toddler due to frustration or anger — often because the child won't stop crying. Shaken baby syndrome isn't usually caused by bouncing a child on your knee, minor falls or even rough play. Risk factors The following things may make parents or caregivers more likely to forcefully shake a baby and cause shaken baby syndrome: Unrealistic expectations of babies Young or single parenthood Stress Domestic violence Alcohol or substance abuse Unstable family situations Depression A history of mistreatment as a child Symptoms Shaken baby syndrome symptoms and signs include: Extreme fussiness or irritability Difficulty staying awake Breathing problems Poor eating ...