Dr: Mohamed Khadar

                    1 Familial (primary) dyslipidaemia ● Due to gene mutation(s). ● Should be suspected in patients with premature IHD (age <55 in men, <60 in women). ● WHO classifies them type 1-5 (T1-5).        2 Acquired (secondary) dyslipidaemia Most cases of dyslipidaemia are acquired in later life. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes are common risk factors, though many cases are essentially idiopathic. Other causes: ● Endocrine: hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism. ● Hepatic: alcohol excess, cholestasis. ● Renal: nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease. ● Others: pregnancy, anorexia, gout, antipsychotics.      Signs and symptoms Usually detected through CVD risk assessment, or when presenting with complications such as IHD or stroke. The only specific sign is lipid deposits (xanthomas). Their presence and extent are a sign of disease severity. Locations: ● Eyelids: xanthelasma (also seen in smoking). ● Eyes: corneal arcus and retinal depo

Polyhydramnios  is the excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid — the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Polyhydramnios occurs in about 1 to 2 percent of pregnancies. Most cases of polyhydramnios are mild and result from a gradual buildup of amniotic fluid during the second half of pregnancy. Severe polyhydramnios may cause shortness of breath, preterm labor, Symptoms Polyhydramnios symptoms result from pressure being exerted within the uterus and on nearby organs. Mild polyhydramnios may cause few — if any — signs or symptoms. Severe polyhydramnios may cause: Shortness of breath or the inability to breathe Swelling in the lower extremities and abdominal wall Uterine discomfort or contractions Fetal malposition, such as breech presentation Your health care provider may also suspect polyhydramnios if your uterus is excessively enlarged and he or she has trouble feeling the baby. Causes Some of the known causes of polyhydramnios incl