Dr: Mohamed Khadar

Sensory Integration •      Survival depends upon sensation and perception •      Sensation is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment •      Perception is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli Organization of the Somatosensory System •      Input comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors •      The three main levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system are: •    Receptor level – the sensor receptors •    Circuit level – ascending pathways •    Perceptual level – neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex Processing at the Receptor Level •      Receptor potential – a graded potential from a stimulated sensor...

Joints (Articulations) •      Weakest parts of the skeleton •      Articulation – site where two or more bones meet •      Functions •    Give the skeleton mobility •    Hold the skeleton together Classification of Joints: Structural •      Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present •      The three structural classifications are: •    Fibrous •    Cartilaginous •    Synovial Classification of Joints: Functional •      Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint •     ...

Endocrine System: Overview •      Endocrine system –  the body’s second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones •      Endocrine glands – pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands •      The pancreas and gonads produce both hormones and exocrine products •      The hypothalamus has both neural functions and releases hormones •      Other tissues and organs that produce hormones – adipose cells, pockets of cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart Hormones •      Hormones – chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids •    Regulate the metabolic function of other cells •  ...

Tissues/Histolgy Tissues •      Groups of cells similar in structure and function •      The four types of tissues •    Epithelial •    Connective •    Muscle •    Nerve Epithelial Tissue •      Cellularity – composed almost entirely of cells •      Special contacts – form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes •      Polarity – apical and basal surfaces •      Supported by connective tissue – reticular and basal laminae •      Avascular but innervated – contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers •      Regenerative – rapidly repla...

Causes Babies have weak neck muscles and often struggle to support their heavy heads. If a baby is forcefully shaken, his or her fragile brain moves back and forth inside the skull. This causes bruising, swelling and bleeding. Shaken baby syndrome usually occurs when a parent or caregiver severely shakes a baby or toddler due to frustration or anger — often because the child won't stop crying. Shaken baby syndrome isn't usually caused by bouncing a child on your knee, minor falls or even rough play. Risk factors The following things may make parents or caregivers more likely to forcefully shake a baby and cause shaken baby syndrome: Unrealistic expectations of babies Young or single parenthood Stress Domestic violence Alcohol or substance abuse Unstable family situations Depression A history of mistreatment as a child Symptoms Shaken baby syndrome symptoms and signs include: Extreme fussiness or irritability Difficulty staying awake Breathing problems Poor eating ...

Symptoms Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytomas often include: High blood pressure Heavy sweating Headache Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) Tremors Paleness in the face (pallor) Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Less common signs or symptoms may include: Anxiety or sense of doom Constipation Weight loss Triggers of symptomatic spells Spells may occur spontaneously or may be triggered by such factors as: Physical exertion Anxiety or stress Changes in body position Labor and delivery Surgery and anesthesia Causes Researchers don't know what causes a pheochromocytoma. The tumor develops in specialized cells, called chromaffin cells, situated in the center of an adrenal gland. These cells release certain hormones, primarily adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), that help control many body functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. The role of hormones Adrenaline and noradrenaline are hormones that trigge...

                    1 Familial (primary) dyslipidaemia ● Due to gene mutation(s). ● Should be suspected in patients with premature IHD (age <55 in men, <60 in women). ● WHO classifies them type 1-5 (T1-5).        2 Acquired (secondary) dyslipidaemia Most cases of dyslipidaemia are acquired in later life. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes are common risk factors, though many cases are essentially idiopathic. Other causes: ● Endocrine: hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism. ● Hepatic: alcohol excess, cholestasis. ● Renal: nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease. ● Others: pregnancy, anorexia, gout, antipsychotics.      Signs and symptoms Usually detected through CVD risk assessment, or when presenting with complications such as IHD or stroke. The only specific sign is lipid deposits (xanthomas). Their presence and extent are a sign of disease severity. Locations: ● ...