Dr: Mohamed Khadar

ESOPHAGEAL CANCER Esophageal Cancer is a serious form of cancer that develops in the esophagus, the long tube that connects the back of your mouth with your stomach. The most common types of esophageal cancer are adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells producing fluids such as mucus, and squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in flat cells of the esophageal lining. Although the causes of esophageal cancer aren’t known, chronic irritation from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus, smoking, obesity, and heavy alcohol use are leading risk factors for the disease. SYMPTOMS: • Difficulty in Swallowing • Unintentional Weight Loss • Chest Pain • Heart Burn • Indigestion • Coughing • Hoarse Voice DIAGNOSIS: • Endoscopy – During endoscopy, your doctor passes a flexible tube equipped with a video lens (videoendoscope) down your throat and into your esophagus. Using the endoscope, your doctor examines your esophagus, looking for cancer or areas of irritation. Sam...

Nephrolithiasis • Calcium oxalate (and to some degree calcium phosphate) stones account for 80% of all kidney stones • Remaining stones are uric acid (10%), struvite (10-15%) and cystine (1%) stones • It is possible for patient to have multiple stones and for them to be more than one type of stone Risk Factors • Crystallization occurs when otherwise soluble solutes precipitate due to supersaturation or changes in urinary pH, protein content, or due to reaction with other solutes • Crystals cause epithelial injury, deposition of stone formation, bleeding, obstruction, and pain • Frequently identified risk factors include hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, decreased calcium intake, increased oxalate intake, increased animal protein intake, and decreased hydration • There is more than 2-fold increase in risk of kidney stones with positive family hx of kidney stones • Patients with history of kidney stones have a 10-30% 3-5 year recurrence rate • 25% of people with gout will ge...

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). In 2019, a new virus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a disease outbreak in China. The disease is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There isn't much known about this new virus yet. Public health groups, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are monitoring the situation and posting updates on their websites. These groups have also issued recommendations for preventing and treating the illness. Coronavirus is a family of viruses that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Symptoms Signs and symptoms of infection with the new coronavirus may appear two to...

Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot is a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at birth. Causes Tetralogy of Fallot causes low oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to the skin). The classic form includes four defects of the heart and its major blood vessels: [ ] Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles) [ ] Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs) [ ] Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle [ ] Thickened wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy) Tetralogy of Fallot is rare, but it is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. It occurs equally as often in...

The flu’s common symptoms of fever, body aches, and fatigue can leave many confined to bed until they get better. Flu symptoms will show up anywhere from one to four daysTrusted Source after infection. Common flu symptoms The most common symptoms of the flu are: fever over 100.4˚F (38˚C) chills fatigue body and muscle aches loss of appetite headache dry cough sore throat runny or stuffy nose While most symptoms will taper off one to two weeks after onset, a dry cough and general fatigue can last several more weeks. Other possible symptoms of the flu include dizziness, sneezing, and wheezing. Nausea and vomiting are not common symptoms in adults, but they sometimes occur in children. Stomach flu An illness commonly known as the “stomach flu” refers to viral gastroenteritis (GE), which involves inflammation of the stomach lining. However, stomach flu...

Sensory Integration •      Survival depends upon sensation and perception •      Sensation is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment •      Perception is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli Organization of the Somatosensory System •      Input comes from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors •      The three main levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system are: •    Receptor level – the sensor receptors •    Circuit level – ascending pathways •    Perceptual level – neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex Processing at the Receptor Level •      Receptor potential – a graded potential from a stimulated sensor...

Joints (Articulations) •      Weakest parts of the skeleton •      Articulation – site where two or more bones meet •      Functions •    Give the skeleton mobility •    Hold the skeleton together Classification of Joints: Structural •      Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present •      The three structural classifications are: •    Fibrous •    Cartilaginous •    Synovial Classification of Joints: Functional •      Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint •     ...